NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
PART I: PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS
2. The Ontological Problem
2.1 Dualism
a) Substance Dualism
b) Property Dualism2.2 Materialistic Theories
a) Reductive Materialism (Identity Theory)
b) Functionalism
c) Eliminative Materialism
3. The Epistemological Problem
3.1 The Problem of Other Minds
3.2 The Problem of Self-Consciousness
4. The Methodological Problem
4.1 Idealism and Phenomenology
4.2 Methodological Behaviorism
4.3 The Cognitive Approach
4.4 Methodological Materialism
PART II: THE RESEARCH OF NATURAL INTELLIGENCE
5. Evolution and Intelligence
5.1 Laws and Phases of Evolution
a) The Evolution Theory
b) Basics of Life
c) Evolution of Life5.2 Evolution Phases of the Nervous System
6. Neurophysiology and Neural Organization
6.1 Neurons
a) Structure and Function
b) Neuron Types
c) Structure and Function of Receptors6.2 Neural Organization
a) Sensor Projection in the Brain
b) Motor Projection Outwards
c) Internal Organization
7. Biological Control Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Particularities of Biological Control Systems
7.3 Examples of Biological Control Loopsa) Temperature Control
b) Control of Blood Pressure
c) Control of Carbon Hydrates
d) Further Examples7.4 Dynamic Properties of Biological Control Loops
a) Temperature Control
b) Control of Blood Pressure
c) Control of Blood Sugar Level
d) Pupil Control7.5 Modelling of Biological Control Systems
a) Pupil System
b) Eye Tracking System7.6 The Positioning System of Bats
8. Learning Structures in Higher Organisms
9. Language and Brain
10. Psychological Aspects
10.1 Neuropsychology
10.2 Cognitive Psychology
10.3 Freud’s Unconsiousness
PART III: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
11. Scope of Artificial Intelligence
11.1 Computers and Brains
11.2 Can Machines Think?
11.3 The Turing-Test
12. Optimization and Search Algorithms
12.1 Optimization Theorems and Algorithms
12.2 Search Algorithms
12.3 Game Trees
12.4 Algorithms based on Natural Analogonsa) Global Optimization
b) Simulated Annealing
c) Genetic Algorithms
13. Knowledge Representation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Predicate Logic
13.3 Propositional Logic
13.4 Further Logic Structuresa) Nonmonotonical Logic
b) Fuzzy Logic13.5 Structured Knowledge Representation
14. Expert Systems
15. The Manipulation of Natural Language
15.1 Understanding Natural Language
15.2 Production of Natural Language
15.3 Automatic Translation
15.4 The Programs ELIZA and SHRDLU
16. Artificial Perception
16.1 The Difficulties of Artificial Perception
16.2 Speech Recognition
16.3 Computer Vision
16.4 Simulated Neural Organization
17. Artificial Learning Structures
17.1 Explicit Learning Schemes
17.2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)a) Feedforward ANN
b) Hopfield Networks
c) Kohonen Networks
d) Dynamic Networks
18. Artificial Life
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Local Rules and Emerging Global Behaviour
18.3 Evolutionary Algorithms
18.4 Artificial Ecologies
18.5 Real Objects
18.6 Computer Virus